Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Hai Rim Shin

24 Articles

Cigarette Smoking and Mortality in the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort (KMCC) Study.: Eun Ha Lee, Sue K Park, Kwang Pil Ko, In Seong Cho, Soung Hoon Chang, Hai Rim Shin, Daehee Kang, Keun Young Yoo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(2):151-158.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.2.151

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OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and total mortality, cancer mortality and other disease mortalities in Korean adults. METHODS: A total of 14 161 subjects of the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort who were over 40 years of age and who were cancer-free at baseline enrollment reported their lifestyle factors, including the smoking status. The median follow-up time was 6.6 years. During the follow-up period from 1993 to 2005, we identified 1159 cases of mortality, including 260 cancer mortality cases with a total of 91 987 person-years, by the national death certificate. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of cigarette smoking for total mortality, cancer mortality and disease-specific mortality, as adjusted for age, gender, the geographic area and year of enrollment, the alcohol consumption status, the education level and the body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk of total mortality, all-cancer mortality and lung cancer mortality (p-trend, <0.01, <0.01, <0.01, respectively). Compared to non-smoking, current smokers were at a higher risk for mortality [HR (95% CI)=1.3 (1.1-1.5) for total mortality; HR (95% CI)=1.6 (1.1-2.2) for all-cancer mortality; HR (95% CI)=3.9 (1.9-7.7) for lung cancer mortality]. CONCLUSIONS: This study's results suggest that cigarette smoking might be associated with total mortality, all-cancer mortality and especially lung cancer mortality among Korean adults.

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Effects of a supportive workplace environment on the success rate for smoking cessation camp
Woojin Kim, A Ram Kim, Minsu Ock, Young-Jee Jeon, Heun Lee, Daehwan Kim, Minjun Kim, Cheolin Yoo
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Burden of Cancer Due to Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Korea
Yoon-Sun Jung, Seok-Jun Yoon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(6): 3493. CrossRef
Association between body mass index and oesophageal cancer mortality: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies with >800 000 individuals in the Asia Cohort Consortium
Sangjun Lee, Jieun Jang, Sarah Krull Abe, Shafiur Rahman, Eiko Saito, Rashedul Islam, Prakash C Gupta, Norie Sawada, Akiko Tamakoshi, Xiao-Ou Shu, Woon-Puay Koh, Atsuko Sadakane, Ichiro Tsuji, Jeongseon Kim, Isao Oze, Chisato Nagata, San-Lin You, Myung-He
International Journal of Epidemiology.2022; 51(4): 1190. CrossRef
Smoking May Affect Pulmonary Function through DNA Methylation: an Epigenome-Wide Association Study in Korean Men
So-Young Kwak, Clara Yongjoo Park, Min-Jeong Shin
Clinical Nutrition Research.2020; 9(2): 134. CrossRef
Analysis of multidimensional factors in attempts to quit using tobacco by Korean adolescents
Mi-Jung Kang, Hyunjin Lee, Mirae Jo
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The impact of basic livelihoods condition on the current smoking: Applying the counterfactual model
Minhyeok Choi
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2019; 36(1): 53. CrossRef
Levels of Health and Subjective Life Expectancy among Community-dwelling Elders in Korea
Ji Yeon An
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2018; 20(1): 22. CrossRef
Association and affecting factor between smoking and suicide idea: Focusing on comparison between district
Seonhwa Yu, So Young Kim, Bo Ram Park, Mi-na Jo, Siekeyong Kim, Jong Hyock Park
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2018; 35(3): 1. CrossRef
The relationship between smoking and stroke by general characteristics: using the 6th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey
Younghee Nam, Hyunjung Jung, Yesoon Kim
Journal of Digital Contents Society.2018; 19(7): 1323. CrossRef
Gender-related difference in the relationship between smoking status and periodontal diseases: the propensity score matching approach
Eun-Sil Choi, Hae-Young Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health.2017; 41(2): 122. CrossRef
The association between smoking or passive smoking and cardiovascular diseases using a Bayesian hierarchical model: based on the 2008-2013 Korea Community Health Survey
Whanhee Lee, Sung-Hee Hwang, Hayoung Choi, Ho Kim
Epidemiology and Health.2017; 39: e2017026. CrossRef
Psychosocial Factors Associated With Smoking Intention in Korean Male Middle School Students
Jin Suk Ra, Yoon Hee Cho
The Journal of School Nursing.2017; 33(5): 355. CrossRef
Physiological and clinical relevance of anomalous right coronary artery originating from left sinus of Valsalva in adults
Sang Eun Lee, Cheol Woong Yu, Kyungil Park, Kyung Woo Park, Jung-Won Suh, Young-Seok Cho, Tae-Jin Youn, In-Ho Chae, Dong-Ju Choi, Ho-Jun Jang, Jin-Shik Park, Sang-Hoon Na, Hyo-Soo Kim, Ki-Bong Kim, Bon-Kwon Koo
Heart.2016; 102(2): 114. CrossRef
Association Between Smoking and Physician-Diagnosed Stroke and Myocardial Infarction in Male Adults in Korea
Sounghoon Chang, Hyeongsu Kim, Vitna Kim, Kunsei Lee, Hyoseon Jeong, Jung-Hyun Lee, Soon-Ae Shin, Eunyoung Shin, Minsu Park, Eunjung Ko
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2016; 13(2): 158. CrossRef
The relationship between smoking and depressive symptoms among Korean adults
Han Na Sung, Jong Sung Kim
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2016; 33(2): 57. CrossRef
C-reactive Protein Concentration Is Associated With a Higher Risk of Mortality in a Rural Korean Population
Jung Hyun Lee, Hyungseon Yeom, Hyeon Chang Kim, Il Suh, Mi Kyung Kim, Min-Ho Shin, Dong Hoon Shin, Sang-Baek Koh, Song Vogue Ahn, Tae-Yong Lee, So Yeon Ryu, Jae-Sok Song, Hong-Soon Choe, Young-Hoon Lee, Bo Youl Choi
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A Study on the Factors Related to Smoking and Smoking Conditions among College Students in Some Area
Kyeong-Ah Kim
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(8): 465. CrossRef
Comparison of the Health Status Between Korean Seniors and Overseas Korean Seniors in China and Japan
Mi-Kyoung Cho, Ogcheol Lee, Gisoo Shin
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(3): 2079. CrossRef
Combined Influence of Smoking Frequency and Intensity on Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Korean High School Students
Jin Suk Ra, Yoon Hee Cho, Hye Sun Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2015; 28(3): 168. CrossRef
Factor Analysis of Effect on Cardiovascular Disease of Korean Police Officers
Jingu Lee, Woojin Jeon, Jaehwan Cho
Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology.2014; 8(1): 11. CrossRef
How Computed Tomography Contrast Media and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Media Affect the Changes of Uptake Counts of201Tl
Jin-Hyeok Lee, Hae-Kag Lee, Jae-Hwan Cho, Miju Cheon
Journal of Magnetics.2014; 19(4): 372. CrossRef
Influence of Physical Activity on Smoking Experience and Smoking Intensity in Korean High School Students
Jin Suk Ra, Yoon Hee Cho
Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2014; 27(3): 181. CrossRef
Attributable fraction of tobacco smoking on cancer using population-based nationwide cancer incidence and mortality data in Korea
Sohee Park, Sun Ha Jee, Hai-Rim Shin, Eun Hye Park, Aesun Shin, Kyu-Won Jung, Seung-Sik Hwang, Eun Shil Cha, Young Ho Yun, Sue Kyung Park, Mathieu Boniol, Paolo Boffetta
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Risk Factors for Smoking Behaviors Among Adolescents
Sung Suk Chung, Kyoung Hwa Joung
The Journal of School Nursing.2014; 30(4): 262. CrossRef
Smoking in elderly Koreans: Prevalence and factors associated with smoking cessation
Shin Kyum Kim, Joon Hyuck Park, Jung Jae Lee, Seok Bum Lee, Tae Hui Kim, Ji Won Han, Jong Chul Youn, Jin Hyeong Jhoo, Dong Young Lee, Ki Woong Kim
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2013; 56(1): 214. CrossRef
Less Healthy Dietary Pattern is Associated with Smoking in Korean Men According to Nationally Representative Data
Sang-Yeon Suh, Ju Hyun Lee, Sang Shin Park, Ah-Ram Seo, Hong-Yup Ahn, Woo Kyung Bae, Yong Joo Lee, Eunji Yim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(6): 869. CrossRef
The Association between Smoking, Alcohol Intake, and Low-Salt Diet: Results from the 2008 Community Health Survey
In-Ae Chun, Jong Park, Mi-Ah Han, Seong-Woo Choi, So-Yeon Ryu
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2013; 19(3): 223. CrossRef
Impact of Individual and Combined Health Behaviors on All Causes of Premature Mortality Among Middle Aged Men in Korea: The Seoul Male Cohort Study
Chul Woo Rhee, Ji Young Kim, Byung Joo Park, Zhong Min Li, Yoon-Ok Ahn
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2012; 45(1): 14. CrossRef
Mortality and Potential Years of Life Lost of lung cancer between Korea and OECD countries before and after the year 2000
Dong-Seok Kim, Ji-Won Park, Soo-Won Kang
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2011; 12(7): 3138. CrossRef
Evaluation and Development of Tobacco Control Policies Using Delphi Technique
Jeong-Min Kim, Young-Su Ju, Yeol Kim, Hong-Gwan Seo
Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2011; 2(1): 30. CrossRef

Erratum: Global Activity of Cancer Registries and Cancer Control and Cancer Incidence Statistics in Korea.: Hai Rim Shin; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(5):364-364.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.5.364

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Global Activity of Cancer Registries and Cancer Control and Cancer Incidence Statistics in Korea.: Hai Rim Shin; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):84-91.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.84

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The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that cancer killed 7.6 million people in the world in 2005, and that 40% of all cancer deaths can be prevented. According to the WHO Global Action Plan Against Cancer (GAPAC), monitoring of cancer patients is the essential part of cancer control, and should be conducted through cancer registration. Originally, cancer registries were primarily concerned with the description of cancer patterns, trends of cancer occurrence, and etiology of cancer. In the last 20 years, cancer registries provided not only information on the incidence and characteristics of specific cancers, but also supplied the source of cancer control planning and evaluation and the care of individual cancer patients with survival. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) presents incidence data from populations all over the world every five year. Volume IX in the series (data for 1998-2002) has recently (November 2007) been published online at International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Nine data from Korea Central Cancer Registry (National data), Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Incheon, Daejeon, Usan, Jejudo regional cancer registries were included in that volume. In this paper, the editorial process, the characteristics of national data, and quality indices in CI5 IX are being described. In addition, cancer control activities related to cancer registration in some selected countries are also presented.

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Comparison of Cancer Survival by Age Group for 1997 and for 2002: Application of Period Analysis using the National Cancer Incidence Database.: Seon Hee Yim, Kyu Won Jung, Young Joo Won, Hyun Joo Kong, Hai Rim Shin; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(1):17-22.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.1.17

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OBJECTIVES
Period analysis estimates up-to-date survival rates of cancer patients. In this approach, analysis is restricted to recent time period by left-truncating all observations at the beginning of the period and rightcensoring at its end. Here, we applied period analysis to examine changes in 5-year relative survival (RS) by age group for 1997 and for 2002. METHODS: Using the National Cancer Incidence Database, 5-year RS was estimated for 1997 and 2002 in four age groups (15-54, 55-64, 65-74, and 75 years old and over) using period analysis. After excluding death certificate-only cases, patients with an unknown date of diagnosis or follow-up length, a total of 813,889 patients diagnosed with a first primary invasive cancer during 1992-2002 were included for analysis. Followup for vital status was included until 31 December 2002. RESULTS: Five-year RS increased from 41.7% for 1997 to 46.7% for 2002. Increases in survival occurred in all age groups except in the 75 and over group. CONCLSIONS: The age gradient in cancer prognosis seems to have widened between 1997 and 2002, a finding that requires further study of prognostic factors, including stage at diagnosis. Period analysis accurately estimates survival rates, especially for cancers with better prognosis.

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Advanced Detection of Recent Changing Trends in Gastric Cancer Survival: Up-to-date Comparison by Period Analysis
H. S. Kim, H. Lee, H. C. Jeung, S. H. Noh, H. C. Chung, J. K. Roh, C. M. Nam, S. Y. Rha
Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology.2011; 41(12): 1344. CrossRef
Usefulness of Comorbidity Indices in Operative Gastric Cancer Cases
Se-Min Hwang, Seok-Jun Yoon, Hyeong-Sik Ahn, Hyong-Gin An, Sang-Hoo Kim, Min-Ho Kyeong, Eun-Kyoung Lee
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2009; 42(1): 49. CrossRef

Cigarette Smoking and Gastric Cancer Risk in a Community-based Cohort Study in Korea.: Yeonju Kim, Aesun Shin, Jin Gwack, Jae Kwan Jun, Sue Kyung Park, Daehee Kang, Hai Rim Shin, Soung Hoon Chang, Keun Young Yoo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(6):467-474.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.6.467

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OBJECTIVES
Gastric cancer is the most common incident cancer in Korea. Although Helicobacter pylori infection is the most important risk factor for the development of gastric cancer, cigarette smoking has also been suggested to play an important role in the development of gastric cancer. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoking and gastric cancer risk in a Korean population. METHODS: The study population consisted of 13,785 subjects who had been enrolled in the Korean Multi-Center Cancer Cohort between 1993 and 2002. As of December 2002, 139 incident gastric cancer cases were ascertained through the Korea Central Cancer Registry and the National Death Certificate Database. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for gastric cancer were estimated using CoxZs proportional hazard model adjusted for age, education, alcohol drinking status and history of gastritis or ulcer. RESULTS: Significant dose-response relationships were observed between the duration of smoking and the risk of gastric cancer among the male subjects in comparison to non-smokers: men who smoked for 20-39 years had a 2.09- fold (95% CI 1.00-4.38) increase, and those who smoked for more than 40 years had a 3.13-fold (95% CI 1.59-6.17) increase in the risk of gastric cancer (Ptrend<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that a longer duration of cigarette smoking may increase the risk of gastric cancer development in a dose-response manner in Korean men. The association between smoking and gastric cancer risk in women should be verified in future studies with a larger number of cases.

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Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, Tuberculosis and Risk of Lung Cancer: The Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort Study.: Jisuk Bae, Jin Gwack, Sue Kyung Park, Hai Rim Shin, Soung Hoon Chang, Keun Young Yoo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(4):321-328.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.4.321

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OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate the roles of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, tuberculosis, and their interactions in the risk of lung cancer in a Korean cohort. METHODS: The study subjects comprised 13,150 males and females aged above 20 years old. During the follow up period from 1993 to 2002, 79 lung cancer cases were identified by the central cancer registry and the national death certificate database. Information on cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and the history of physiciandiagnosed tuberculosis was obtained by interview. Indirect chest X-ray findings were also evaluated to ascertain tuberculosis cases. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjusting for age and gender. RESULTS: Cigarette smoking was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer [for current smokers, RR = 2.33 (95% CI = 1.23 - 4.42) compared to non-smokers]. After further adjustment for cigarette smoking, both alcohol consumption and tuberculosis showed no statistically significant association with the risk of lung cancer [for current drinkers, RR = 0.80 (95% CI = 0.48 - 1.33) compared to non-drinkers] [for tuberculosis cases, RR = 1.17 (95% CI = 0.58 - 2.36) compared to noncases]. There was no statistically significant interaction between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption (pinteraction = 0.38), or cigarette smoking and tuberculosis (p-interaction = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: Although cigarette smoking was confirmed as a risk factor of lung cancer in this cohort study, this study suggests that alcohol consumption and tuberculosis may not be associated with the risk of lung cancer.

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Educational Differences in Health Care Utilization in the Last Year of Life among South Korean Cancer Patients.: Soo Young Choo, Sang Yi Lee, Chul Woung Kim, Su Young Kim, Tae Ho Yoon, Hai Rim Shin, Ok Ryun Moon; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(1):36-44.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.1.36

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
There have been few studies examining the differences in health care utilization across social classes during the last year of life. Therefore, in this study we analyzed the quantitative and qualitative differences in health care utilization among cancer patients across educational classes in their last year of life, and derived from it implications for policy. METHODS: To evaluate health care utilization by cancer patients in the last year of life, Death certificate data from 2004 were merged with National Health Insurance data (n=60,088). In order to use educational level as a social class index, we selected the individuals aged 40 and over as study subjects (n=57,484). We analyzed the differences in the medical expenditures, admission days, and rates of admission experience across educational classes descriptively. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between medical expenditures and independent variables such as sex, age, education class, site of death and type of cancer. RESULTS: The upper educational class spent much more on medical expenditures in the last one year of life, particularly during the last month of life, than the lower educational class did. The ratio of monthly medical expenditures per capita between the college class and no education class was 2.5 in the last 6-12 months of life, but the ratio was 1.6 in the last 1 month. Also, the lower the educational class, the higher the proportion of medical expenditures during the last one month of life, compared to total medical expenditures in the last one year of life. The college educational class had a much higher rate of admission experiences in tertiary hospitals within Seoul than the other education classes did. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the lower educational classes had qualitative and quantitative disadvantages in utilizing health care services for cancer in the last year of life.

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Jennifer A. Ailshire, Cristian A. Herrera, Eunyoung Choi, Margarita Osuna, Elina Suzuki
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Socioeconomic differences in the perception of inequalities in healthcare utilization and health in South Korea
Nayeon Kim, Hye-won Yun, Juwon Park, Fatima Nari, Hee Jin Wang, Jae Kwan Jun, Kui Son Choi, Mina Suh
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Cross-National Differences in Wealth Inequality in Health Services and Caregiving Used Near the End of Life
Jennifer A. Ailshire, Cristian A. Herrera, Eunyoung Choi, Margarita Osuna, Elina M. Suzuki
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Medical Costs and Healthcare Utilization among Cancer Decedents in the Last Year of Life in 2009
Inuk Hwang, Dong Wook Shin, Kyoung Hee Kang, Hyung Kook Yang, So Young Kim, Jong-Hyock Park
Cancer Research and Treatment.2016; 48(1): 365. CrossRef
Barriers to Cancer Care, Perceived Social Support, and Patient Navigation Services for Korean Breast Cancer Patients
Jung-won Lim
Social Work in Health Care.2015; 54(1): 47. CrossRef
Equity in health care: current situation in South Korea
Hong-Jun Cho
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2013; 56(3): 184. CrossRef
Inequalities in Medical Care Utilization by South Korean Cancer Patients According to Income: A Retrospective Cohort Study
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Fasting Serum Glucose and Subsequent Liver Cancer Risk in a Korean Prospective Cohort.: Jin Gwack, Seung Sik Hwang, Kwang Pil Ko, Jae Kwan Jun, Sue Kyung Park, Soung Hoon Chang, Hai Rim Shin, Keun Young Yoo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(1):23-28.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.1.23

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Chronic infections with hepatitis B or C and alcoholic cirrhosis are three well-known major risk factors for liver cancer. Diabetes has also been suggested as a potential risk factor. However, the findings of previous studies have been controversial in terms of the causal association. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum glucose levels and liver cancer development in a Korean cohort. METHODS: Thirty-six liver cancer cases were identified in the Korean Multi-Center Cancer Cohort (KMCC). Baseline information on lifestyle characteristics was obtained via questionnaire. Serum glucose levels were measured at the study's enrollment. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model. The adjusting variables included age, gender, smoking history, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity. RESULTS: The RRs of serum glucose for liver caner were 1.20 (95% CI=0.48-2.99) for the category of 100 to 125 mg/dL of serum glucose and 2.77 (95% CI=1.24-6.18) for the >126 mg/dL serum glucose category (both compared to the <100 mg/dL category). In a subgroup analysis, the RR of serum glucose among those who were both HBsAg seronegative and non-drinkers was 4.46 (95% CI=1.09-18.28) for those with glucose levels >100 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that a high level of serum glucose can increase liver cancer risk independently of hepatitis infection and drinking history in Koreans. This study implies that glucose intolerance may be an independent risk factor for liver cancer.

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British Journal of Cancer.2023; 128(2): 275. CrossRef
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Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2018; 33(1): 111. CrossRef
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Fasting Serum Glucose Level and Gastric Cancer Risk in a Nested Case-control Study.: Jae Kwan Jun, Jin Gwack, Sue Kyung Park, Yun Hee Choi, Yeonju Kim, Aesun Shin, Soung Hoon Chang, Hai Rim Shin, Keun Young Yoo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(6):493-498.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Diabetes has been reported as a risk factor for several cancers. However, the association between diabetes and gastric cancer has been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the fasting serum glucose level and gastric cancer risk in Korea. METHODS: Among the members of the Korean Multi-Center Cancer Cohort (KMCC) from 1993 to 2004, a total of 100 incident gastric cancer cases were ascertained until December 31, 2002 and 400 controls were matched according to age, sex, and year and area of enrollment. Of the eligible subjects, those without fasting serum glucose level information were excluded, with a total of 64 cases and 236 controls finally selected. On enrollment, all subjects completed a baseline demographic and lifestyle characteristics questionnaire, and had their fasting serum glucose level measured. The Helicobacter pylori infection status was determined by an immunoblot assay using longterm stored serum. The odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using conditional and unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for the H. pylori infection status, smoking, drinking, education, follow-up period and matching variables. RESULTS: The ORs for risk of gastric cancer according to the serum glucose level were 1.33 [95% CI=0.50-3.53] and 1.66 [95% CI=0.55-5.02] for the categories of 100-125 and 126 mg/dL or greater, respectively, compared to the category of less than 100 mg/dL. No increased risk of gastric cancer according to the serum glucose level was found (p-trend=0.337). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides no evidence for an association of the serum glucose level with gastric cancer.; Summary

Epidemiologic Study of Clonorchis Sinensis Infestation in a Rural Area of Kyongsangnam-do, South Korea.: Young Hee Ju, Jin Kyoung Oh, Hyun Joo Kong, Woon Mok Sohn, Jung Il Kim, Kap Yeol Jung, Yoon Gyu Kim, Hai Rim Shin; J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(4):425-430.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To investigate the prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infestation and to determine the associated risk factors among a population in a part of the rural area of Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, which is an area known to have a high mortality from liver cancer and a high infection of C. sinensis. METHODS: The study population consisted of those people who have lived in rural areas and who were over 40 years old. This study was performed in 5 areas during the period from 1999 to 2003. Informed consents were obtained from the 2, 381 study participants, and these people were interviewed about their life style habits with using the structured questionnaire that was administered by trained staff members. The subjects underwent blood sampling and their stool specimens were examined by using the Formalin-ether sedimentation technique. RESULTS: Among the study subjects (N=2, 381), the positivity for C. sinensis in the stool was 34.4% (95% CI= 36.3-42.5) ; it was 39.4% (95% CI=36.3-42.5) in the males and 30.9% (95% CI=28.5-33.3) in the females. The positivity for C. sinensis was associated with current alcohol drinking (odds ratio=1.8, 95% CI: 1.5-2.1) and raw fish consumption (odds ratio 1.2, 95% CI: 0.9-1.6). CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed the high prevalence of C. sinensis in the study subjects. It is necessary to establish consistent medical management and education programs for the treatment and prevention of C. sinensis infestation in the rural inhabitants of Korea.; Summary

Participation Rate and Related Socio-demographic Factors in the National Cancer Screening Program.: Na Young Sung, Eun Cheol Park, Hai Rim Shin, Kui Son Choi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(1):93-100.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Cancer is the leading cause of death and one of the largest burdens of disease in Korea. In 1996, the 'Ten year Plan for Cancer Control' was formulated and the government then adopted the plan as a national policy. As part of this plan, the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) for Medicaid recipients was formulated, and the government adapted this in 1999. For low-income beneficiaries of the National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC), the screening program has been in place since 2002. In 2002, the target cancers of NCSP were stomach, breast and cervical cancer. This study was conducted to examine the relationships between the participation rate, the abnormal screening rate and the socio-demographic factors associated with participation in the screening program. METHODS: To analyze the participation rate and abnormal rate for the NCSP, we used the 2002 NCSP records. The information on the socio-demographic factors was available from the database of the beneficiaries in the NHIC and Medicaid. RESULTS: The participation rate of the Medicaid beneficiaries for the stomach, breast and cervical cancer screening were 9.2%, 15.5% and 15.0%, respectively, and 11.3% and 12.5%, except cervical cancer which wasn't be included in the NCSP, for the beneficiaries of the NHIC. The abnormal rate of stomach, breast and cervical cancer screening were 25.7%, 11.2% and 21.0%, respectively, for the beneficiaries of Medicaid and 42.6% and 19.4% for the beneficiaries of the NHIC. On the multiple logistic regression analysis, gender, age and place of residence were significantly associated with participation rates of the NCSP. For stomach cancer, women participated in the NCSP more than men. The participation rate was higher among people in their fifties and sixties than for those people in their forties and those people over seventy years in age. For the breast and cervical cancer, people in their fifties were more likely to participate in the NCSP than people in their forties and people over sixty. For the place of residence, people in the rural areas participated more than those people in any other places. CONCLUSIONS: The above results show that the participation rate and abnormal rate were significantly associated with the socio-demographic factors. To improve the participation rate for the NCSP, more attention should be given to the underserved groups.; Summary

Analysis of Behavioral Stage in Pap Testing by Using Transtheoretical Model.: Hye Jean Lee, Sun Hee Lee, Sang Hyuk Jung, Hai Rim Shin, Dae Kyu Oh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(1):82-92.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the relationships among sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, levels of pros and cons and stages of change in Pap testing for uterine cervical cancer. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was performed on 560 randomly sampled people who were assigned to participate in a Pap testing program by the 'National Cancer Screening Project in 2003' between 25 September and 10 October in Gyeonggi, Korea. Data about the behaviors and intentions of Pap testing, sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and levels of acknowledged benefit (pros) and barrier (cons) for Pap testing was collected. The stages of change were grouped according to behaviors and intentions of Pap testing as passive, active, and relapse. RESULTS: Logistic analysis between the passive and active groups showed that city dwellers, 'high' and 'middle' groups in terms of the individual's health belief, those who had undergone a health examination within the past 2 years, and those who had undergone hormone replacement therapy had a higher odds ratios to be in the active group. As the 'benefit' scores increased and the 'Unnecessity' scores decreased, the probabilities to be in the active group increased. According to the logistic analysis results between the active and relapse groups, those who were 60 years or older, members of the National Heath Insurance, and those who had not undergone a health examination within the past 2 years had a higher odds ratio to be in the relapse group. The 'Benefit' scores were not significant in this relationship. The probabilities of being in the relapse group increased as the 'Unnecessity' and 'Shamefulness' scores increased. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, health planners should inform women in the passive group of the benefits and necessity of Pap testing. It would be better to reduce the barriers to the active group of undergoing Pap smear. This study might be a useful guide for future planning of Pap testing program.; Summary

A seroepidemiological Study of Hepatitis B and C Virus (HBV and HCV) Infections in the Young Population in parts of Busan, Korea.: Young Hee Ju, Hai Rim Shin, Jin Kyoung Oh, Dong IL Kim, Duk Hee Lee, Byeong Kweon Kim, Jung Il Kim, Kap Yeol Jung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2004;37(3):253-259.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections and determine the associated risk factors among young adults in Busan, Korea, which is known to have a high incidence of liver cancer. METHODS: The study population consisted of volunteer participants in a health survey during 2002, which included 1, 350 students (515 males and 835 females) aged between 16 and 24 years, from three different schools in Busan. The participating students were asked to fill in a selfadministered questionnaire which included lifestyle habits and risk factors of hepatitis. Sera obtained from the participants were studied for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and Anti- HCV by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method and for liver function tests. RESULTS: Among the study subjects (N=1, 350), the seropositivities of HBsAg 7.9% (95% CI=7.8-8.0), 7.6% (95% CI=7.6-7.7) in male and 8.1% (95% CI=8.0-8.2) in female. And the seropositivity of Anti-HBs was 69.7% (95% CI=69.0- 70.4), 70.5% (95% CI=69.8-71.2) in male and 69.2% (95% CI=68.5-69.9) in female. The seropositivity of Anti-HCV was 0.4%, 0.2% in male and 0.5% in female. The seropositivity for HBsAg in the subjects not having a hepatitis B vaccination history was twice (95% CI=1.0-4.4) that of those that did. Also, the seropositivity for HBsAg in subjects having experienced sexual intercourse was 1.7 times (95% CI=0.9-3.0) that of the subjects who had not. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirmed the high prevalence of HBsAg seropositivity and sexual transmission of HBV among adolescents and young adults may occur. Further studies to evaluate the relationship between HBV vaccination and sexual transmission are required for the young population in Korea.; Summary

Factors Associated with Performance of National Cancer Screening Program in Korea.: Kui Son Choi, Jeong Hee Yang, Su Yeon Kye, Sun Hee Lee, Eun Cheol Park, Hai Rim Shin, Chang Min Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2004;37(3):246-252.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Cancer is the leading cause of death in Korea. Therefore, a National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) was launched in 1999. This study planned to evaluate the performance of the NCSP to identifying the influencing factors in relation to characteristic public health centers. METHODS: To analyze the performance, the database of the NCSP records for 2002 was used. The performance index was measured by the goal achievement rate, which was defined by the real number of screenees against the expected number of screenees. Also, a survey was conducted by a self-administered questionnaire to identify the factors associated with the goal achievement rate. The questionnaire was divided into two sections. In the first section, the individual characteristics of the program coordinator in each public health center were measured, and second section was comprised of questions about the organizational characteristics associated with the NCSP. A total of 121 subjects from 241 public health centers completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 121 public health centers (50.2% response rate), the average goal achievement rate was 72.8%. The results of the regression model showed that public health centers located in rural area (parameter estimates=38.2) and had great support from a head of center or province (parameter estimates=0.20) and tended to have higher goal achievement rates. However, the characteristics of the program coordinator, especially their knowledge of and attitude toward cancer screening, were not significantly related to the goal achievement rates. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the most important associated factors to the goal achievement rate in the NSCP were the location of the public health center and the support for the NCSP from the head of the center or province.; Summary

Factors Associated with Cervical Cancer Screening in Busan, Korea.: Kui Son Choi, Duk Hee Lee, Kap Yeol Jung, Jieun Son, Tae Won Jang, Yoon Kyu Kim, Hai Rim Shin; J Prev Med Public Health. 2004;37(2):166-173.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIONS: Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer among women in Busan. The Pap smear test could have a significant effect on detecting cervical cancer, and enhancing their rate of use is an important strategy for reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with the past use of the Pap smear test in Korean women. METHODS: A population-based survey was carried out in Busan between November 1999 and March 2000. 1, 673 participants were randomly selected from 2, 684 women in Busan, using a 2-stage cluster sampling method, and interviewed in their homes. Their socio-demographic characteristics, smoking, drinking, familial cancer history, Pap smear screening history, reproductive and menstrual factors, sexual habits and use of contraceptive methods data were collected by a trained interviewer using a questionnaire. The use of the screening test was defined by a self-report from the participants on how many times they had had a Pap smear test in their lifetime, and when they had received their latest examination. RESULTS: Of the 1, 673 respondents (62.3% response rate), 57.6% had had a Pap smear test during her life (mean number, 2.3). Among the health examination participants (1, 064), 961 (90.3%) reported having sexual experience and 70.9% of these had had a Pap smear test. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, statistically significant relationships were observed for age groups and the Pap smear test rate (odds ratio, OR for 35-44 years=2.45; OR for 45-54 years=3.41; OR for 55 years=2.60; reference, under 34 years). The married or cohabiting women were more likely to have used the Pap smear test than those separated or widowed (OR=1.73). Among the reproductive behavioral measures, the number of births (OR for 3 births=4.22; OR for 2 births=3.95; OR for 1 births=3.38; reference, 0 births) and husband's extra-marital affairs (OR=1.50) were associated with the rates of use of Pap smear tests. CONCLUSION: It appears that the most important contributing factors to cervical cancer screening were age, marital status and number of births. A positive association was also observed for the husband's extra-marital affairs. This study enabled us to systematically assess the relationship between Pap smear rates and risk factors for cervical cancer. It is hoped that this study will make a significant contribution to the accumulating scientific evidence on the identification of factors associated with cervical cancer screening in Korea.; Summary

Assessment of DNA Viability in Long Term-Stored Buffy Coat Species for the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort.: Mihi Yang, Jihyun Yoo, Cheong Sik Kim, Aesun Shin, Daehee Kang, Soung Hoon Chang, Sue Kyung Park, Hai Rim Shin, Keun Young Yoo; Korean J Prev Med. 2003;36(4):373-376.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Peripheral blood-buffy coat fractions (N = 14, 956) have been stored at -70degrees C in the headquarter of the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort (KMCC), since 1993. To study the future molecular etiology of cancers using specimens of the cohort, properly stored specimens are necessary. Therefore, the DNA-viability of the buffy coat samples was investigated. METHODS: Buffy coat fraction samples were randomly selected from various collection areas and years (N = 100). The DNA viability was evaluate from the UV-absorbent ratios at 260/280nm and the PCR for beta-globin was performed with genomic DNA isolated from the buffy coat. RESULTS: PCR products were obtained from 85 and 98% of the C and H area-samples, respectively, using 50 or 100mul of the buffy coat. There were significant differences in the yields of the PCR-amplifications from the C and H areas (p < 0.05), which was due to differences in the homogenization of the buffy coat fractions available as aliquots. The PCR-products were obtained from all of the samples (N = 7) stored at the C area-local center, but the other aliquots stored at the headquarter were not PCR-amplified. Therefore, the PCR products in almost all the samples, even including the DNA-degraded samples, were obtained. In addition, an improvement in the DNA isolation, i.e. approx. 1.6 fold, was found after using extra RBC lysis buffer. CONCLUSIONS: PCR products for beta-globin were obtained from nearly all of the samples. The regional differences in the PCR amplifications were thought to have originated from the different sample-preparation and homogenization performance. Therefore, the long term-stored buffy coat species at the KMCC can be used for future molecular studies.; Summary

Seasonal Variation of Pre-term Births in Korea.: Duk Hee Lee, Sang Hyeok Ma, Hai Rim Shin; Korean J Prev Med. 2000;33(4):402-408.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To investigate possible seasonal patterns of pre-term birth in Korea. METHODS: A total number of 2,669,357 single live births reported to the National Statistical Office from 1995 to 1998 were analyzed. Composite monthly cohorts of ongoing pregnancies were constructed for each month of the year and the probability of pre-term birth was estimated. RESULTS: Increases in the probability of a pre-term birth occurred during winter for the birth of first child and during summer for the birth of second or later child. This seasonal variation was similar among groups divided by sex, residency, age of mother, and education of mother. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggests that some environmental factors related to season may partially explain the incidence of premature births.; Summary

The Cancer-preventive Potential of Panax ginseng: A Review of Human and Experimental Evidence.: Hai Rim Shin, Joon Youn Kim, Duk Hee Lee, Taik Koo Yun, Gareth Morgan, Harri Vainio; Korean J Prev Med. 2000;33(4):383-392.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE
We have reviewed the potential cancer preventive and other relevant properties of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, which has been traditionally used as a natural tonic in oriental countries. DATA IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY SELECTION: Publications on Panax ginseng and its relation to cancer were obtained from the Medline database (1983-2000) and by checking reference lists to find earlier reports. The reports cover experimental models and human studies on cancer-preventive activity, carcinogenicity and other beneficial or adverse effects. In addition, possible mechanisms of chemoprevention by ginseng were also considered. RESULTS: Published results from a cohort and two case-control studies in Korea suggest that the intake of ginseng may reduce the risk of several types of cancer. When ginseng was tested in animal models, a reduction in cancer incidence and multiplicity at various sites was noted. Panax ginseng and its chemical constituents have been tested for their inhibiting effect on putative carcinogenesis mechanisms (e.g., cell proliferation and apoptosis, immunosurveillance, angiogenesis); in most experiments inhibitory effects were found. CONCLUSION: While Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has shown cancer preventive effects both in experimental models and in epidemiological studies, the evidence is currently not conclusive as to its cancer-preventive activity in humans. The available evidence warrants further research into the possible role of ginseng in the prevention of human cancer and carcinogenesis.; Summary

Blood Lead, Manganese, Aluminium and Silicon Concentrations in Korean Adults.: Jung Man Kim, Jung Mo Ahn, Won Sul Kim, Jung Il Kim, Hai Rim Shin, Kap Yeol Jung, Joon Youn Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 2000;33(2):157-164.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to determine the reference values of blood lead, manganese, aluminium, and silicon in healthy adults. METHODS: The subjects were 132 (67 male and 65 female), and classified to three age groups (< or =39, 40~49, and 50< or =). Blood lead, manganese and aluminium were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and blood silicon was analyzed by direct current plasma optical emission spectrometer. RESULTS: Blood lead levels(geometric mean, S.D) were (3.49, 1.70) microgram/dL in male and (3.04, 1.65) microgram/dL in female, but the difference is not significant, and there was no significant difference between age groups. Mean blood manganese level was 0.99+/-0.41 microgram/dL, and there was no significant difference between sex or age groups. Mean blood aluminium level was 0.59+/-0.35 microgram/dL, and there was no significant difference between sex or age groups. Mean blood silicon level was 54.41+/-27.64 microgram/dL in male and 43.34+/- 23.51 microgram/dL in female, and the level in male was significantly higher than that in female (p<0.05). There was significant difference between age groups, and the oldest showed the highest level in male (p<0.05), but no significant difference between age groups in female. CONCLUSIONS: Authors hope that this study would provide basic data for determining reference values and evaluating health effects.; Summary

Health related practices and morbidity among adult in rural area.: Jue bok Song, Boo Ouk Rhee, Hai Rim Shin, Kap Yeol Jung, Joon Youn Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1997;30(2):342-355.

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Abstract PDF: This research was carried out to determine the performance rate of health related practices, to measure the agreement between morbidity by doctor's diagnosis and morbidity by 'subject' self-reported and the degree of association between health related practices and morbidity rate by doctor's diagnosis, to identify their effects on morbidity among rural area populations. The data were gathered by volunteer residents(over the age of 20) of Haman Myeon, Haman Gun, Kyeongsangnam Do in Korea, from June 10, 1993 to June 12, 1993 (369 male and 516 female). Face to face interview, lab, chest P-A, EKG and physical examination were completed. Descriptive statistics, agreement analysis and multiple logistic regression procedures were employed for analyses. The results of the study were summarized as follows : 1) Age adjusted morbidity rates by doctor's diagnosis and self-reported were 38.5% (male:37.3%, female:36.5%), 26.4% (male:33.3%, female:27.5%), respectively. Kappa coefficient between morbidity by doctor's diagnosis and morbidity by self-reported was 0.21 (male:0.21, female:0.22). 2) The frequency of disease by doctor's diagnosis was as follows: hypertension (15.3%), gastritis (9.6%), diabetes mellitus (8.5%), liver disease (8.1%), and degenerative arthritis (6.2%) in the study population. 3) Order of health practice performance rate was as follows: Males- normal body weight (62.1%), non-heavy alcohol consumption (57.5%), 7-8 hours of sleeping (50.1%), non-smoking (21.7%), and exercise (19.8%). Females- non-heavy alcohol consumption (97.3%), non-smoking (84.7%), normal body weight (57.8%), 7-8 hours of sleeping (45.0%), and exercise (9.9%). 4) There was no significant relationship between health related practice and morbidity except exercise among health related practices. 5) Health related practice index which was recategorized by high, medium, and low had effects on the probability of developing morbidity.; Summary

Seroepidemiologic Study of Hepatitis B Virus(HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus(HCV) Infection among Koreans in Rural Area, Korea.: Hai Rim Shin, Joon Youn Kim, Jue Bok Song, Byung Seong Suh, Jung Man Kim, Bu Ok Lee, Su Ryang Kim, Mu Guan Yang, Chae Un Lee, Jin Ho Chun, Keun Young Yoo, Yoon Ok Ahn; Korean J Prev Med. 1997;30(1):17-30.

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Abstract PDF: To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection and to determine associated risk factors, a population-based seroepidemiologic study was carried out. In 1993, a health examination survey of the population was carried out in rural area known to have a high incidence of liver cancer. The study population were those who volunteered to participate in a health survey over 10 years of age. Examinees were interviewed by specially trained staffs. Sera from 1,033 study subjects were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by reverse passive hemagglutinin (RPHA) estimation and for hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) by 2nd generation passive hemagglutinin (PHA) estimation, The age and sex standardized prevalence of HBsAg was 6.3% which was similar to national average, but that of anti-HCV was 5.1% which was 4 to 5 times higher than that of blood or other health examinees in Korea. In a multivariate analysis, transfusion history, surgical operative history, and acupuncture history were not associated with HBsAg positivity. In contrast, acupuncture history (adjusted odds ratio[OR]=2.2 : 95% Confidence interval[CI] 1.0-4.7) and surgical operative history(adjusted OR=2.0 : 95% CI 1.0-4.1) were associated with anti-HCV positivity. The present study suggest that there is an highly endemic area of HCV infection in Korea and probably this endemicity is associated with a parenteral source of HCV infection other than blood transfusion.; Summary

Assessment of Validity of RT-PCR and EIA for The Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Infection.: Byung Chul Son, Jin Ho Chun, Yeong Hong Park, Hai Rim Shin, Kyu Il Cho, Jong Han Kim, Kui Oak Jung, Jong Tae Lee, Chae Un Lee, Nak Whan Paik; Korean J Prev Med. 1995;28(2):526-541.

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Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to estimate the validity of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) compared to enzyme immunoassay(EIA) for the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. ElA for antibody to HCV(anti-HCV) and RT-PCR for HCV was executed on the subjects from Pusan and kyungnam area with questionnaire survey to collect some relating factors of HCV infection As the result from 617 cases, the prevalence of flcv infection was 1.5% by ElA and 3.7% by RT-PCR(p<0.05), and the age standardized rate was 1.7% and 3.4% by ElA and RT-PCR, respectively. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) was 6.8% by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELlSA) and the age standardized rate was 7.7%. It was the higher in male group comparing to female group(p<0.01). Both of the prevalence of HCV and HBsAg were higher in elevated asparate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) group than in normal AST and ALT group(p<0.01). There was no specific risk factor of HCV infection. Though the degree of agreement of EIA and RT-PCR by gamma statistics was 97.2%, it showed a significant difference between the two methods(p<0.01). For the detection of HCV infection, positive predictive value of ElA was 66.7 % and negative predictive value of EIA was 97.2%. This study suggests that negative result to anti-HCV by ElA didn't mean the free state of HCV infection, therefore it would be helpful that further monitoring for HCV infection by RT-PCR in the case of elevated AST and ALT and/or clinically suspected.; Summary

Urinary Hippuric Acid Excretion in Toluene Exposed Workers.: Chae Un Lee, Hai Rim Shin, Byung Mann Cho, Deog Hwan Moon, Hae Sook Shon, Kyu Il Cho, Sung Chun Kim, Yong Wan Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1988;21(2):374-379.

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Abstract PDF: In order to prepare the fundamental data for preventing the hazardous effects at toluene exposure in many kinds of industry, the authors determined the level of urinary hippuric acid on 592 toluene exposed women(exposed group) and 102 unexposed women(control group) in Pusan area, from April 1 to October 31, 1986. Hippuric acid was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The mean value of urinary hippuric acid concentration of the control group was 0.44+/-0.21g/l(0.11-0.89g/l). The distribution of urinary hippuric acid concentration of the control group was not fit to the normal distribution. 2. The mean value of urinary hippuric acid concentration of the exposed group was 1.56+/-0.95g/l(0.44-4.57g/l). The distribution of urinary hippuric acid concentration of control group was not fit to the normal distribution. 3. The urinary hippuric acid concentration by age group was not statistically significant in the control group, but in the exposed the urinary hippuric acid concentration was highest in women between 20-29 years old(1.71+/-0.95g/l) and was statistically significant(p<0.01). 4. The urinary hippuric acid concentration by duration of working hours was not statistically significant(p>0.1).; Summary

A Study on the Normal Values of Lead Exposure Indices.: Hai Rim Shin, Joon Youn Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1986;19(2):167-176.

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Abstract PDF: For the purpose of determination the normal values of some parameters relevant to lead exposure, a study was carried out from April to June 30, 1986 on 258 healthy Korean adults who have had no apparent lead exposure. The lead indices subjected to this study were as follows; blood lead (PbB), hemoglobin (Hb), zinc protopprphyrin in blood (ZPP), delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity in blood, coproporphyrin in urine (CPU), delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine (ALAU). 1) The mean value of PbB was 17.17+/-7.87 microgram/100ml, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of PbB fitted to the log-normal distribution (chi-square=7.38, p>0.1). 2) The mean value of Hb in male (15.17+/-1.56g/100ml) was higher than in female (13.22+/-1.51 g/100ml)(p<0.01). The distribution of Hb fitted to the normal distribution (chi-square=9.40, p>0.1). 3) The mean value of ZPP was 32.61+/-8.78 microgram/100ml, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of ZPP fitted to the normal distribution (chi-square=13.93, p>0.05). The correlation of ZPP & ALAD (r=-0.229), CPU (r=0.183) was statistically significant respectively. 4) The mean value of ALAD was 30.20+/-10.96 mol ALA/min/L of R.B.C., and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of ALAD activity did not fit to the normal distribution. The correlation between ALAD & PbB (r=-0.219) was statistically significant. 5) The mean value of CPU was 36.10+/-24.54 microgram/L, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of CPU did not fit to the normal distribution. The correlation between CPU & PbB (r=0.185), ZPP (r=0.183) was statistically significant respectively. 6) The meant value of ALAU was 1.94+/-0.96 ml/L, and there was no statistically significant difference by age & sex. The distribution of ALAU fitted to the normal distribution (chi-square=9.76, p>0.1).; Summary

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